Nkhani - Ndi Antioxidant Yachilengedwe—Chidutswa cha Leaf Ginkgo!

I. Chiyambi

Chiyambi

Kodi ubwino wa ufa wa ginkgo biloba ndi wotani pa thanzi (2)

Chotsitsa cha tsamba la ginkgoNdi chinthu chachilengedwe chogwira ntchito chomwe chimachokera ku masamba a ginkgo. Zigawo zake zazikulu ndi flavonoids ndi ginkgo lactones. Ndi PAF yeniyeni (platelet-activating factor, platelet-activating factor) receptor antagonist. Ntchito zake zamankhwala zimaphatikizapo: kukonza kuyenda kwa magazi muubongo ndi kagayidwe ka maselo; kuwonjezera ntchito ya maselo ofiira a m'magazi superoxide dismutase (SOD) ndi glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), komanso kuchepetsa lipids za peroxidized lipids (MDA) pakhungu. Kupanga, kuchotsa ma free radicals, kupewa kuwonongeka kwa cardiomyocytes ndi maselo a endothelial; kusankha kusagwirizana kwa ma platelet, micro thrombosis, ndi matenda a metabolism a lipid omwe amayamba chifukwa cha platelet PAF; kukonza kuyenda kwa mtima m'mitsempha ndikuteteza ischemic myocardium; Kuonjezera kufooka kwa maselo ofiira a m'magazi, kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa magazi, ndikuchotsa matenda a microcirculatory; kuletsa kupanga kwa thromboxane (TXA2) ndikulimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa prostaglandin PGI2 kuchokera ku maselo a endothelial amitsempha.

Gwero la Chomera

Ginkgo biloba ndi tsamba la Ginkgo biloba L., chomera cha banja la Ginkgo. Chotsitsa chake (EGB) chili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chakudya ndi zodzoladzola. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a masamba a Ginkgo ndi kovuta kwambiri, ndipo pali mankhwala opitilira 140 omwe amachokeramo. Flavonoids ndi terpene lactones ndi zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masamba a Ginkgo. Kuphatikiza apo, ilinso ndi polyprenol, organic acids, polysaccharides, amino acid, phenols, ndi trace elements. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, chotsitsa cha tsamba la ginkgo lapadziko lonse lapansi chomwe chili mu EGb761 chimapangidwa malinga ndi njira yovomerezeka ya Schwabe ku Germany. Chimawoneka ngati ufa wachikasu wofiirira ndipo chili ndi fungo laling'ono la tsamba la ginkgo. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi 24% flavonoids, 6% terpene lactones, zosakwana 0.0005% ginkgo acid, 7.0% proanthocyanidins, 13.0% carboxylic acids, 2.0% catechins, 20% non-flavonoid glycosides, ndi 4.0 polymer compounds. %, inorganic matter 5.0%, moisture solvent 3.0%, ena 3.0%.

Makhalidwe ndi Njira ya Antioxidant

Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chimatha kuchotsa mwachindunji ma lipid free radicals, lipid peroxidation free radicals alkane free radicals, ndi zina zotero, ndikuthetsa unyolo wa free radical chain reaction. Nthawi yomweyo, chimathanso kuwongolera ndikukonza ntchito ya ma enzymes oletsa antioxidant monga superoxide dismutase ndi glutathione peroxidase. Mphamvu ya antioxidant ya flavonoids mu EGB imaposa ya mavitamini, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi ma free radical mu vitro.

Zotsatira za antioxidant za ginkgo extracts zomwe zimachotsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zosiyana, ndipo zotsatira za antioxidant za crude extracts ndi zinthu zoyengedwa nazonso ndi zosiyana. Ma Xihan ndi anzake adapeza kuti petroleum ether-ethanol extract inali ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya antioxidant pa mafuta a rapeseed poyerekeza ndi ginkgo leaf extracts zomwe zimapezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana zokonzekera. Mphamvu ya antioxidant ya crude Ginkgo leaf extract inali yokwera pang'ono kuposa ya crude extract. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha crude. Chotsitsacho chili ndi zosakaniza zina za antioxidant, monga organic acids, amino acid, tannins, alkaloids, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zogwirizana.

Njira Yokonzekera

(1) Njira yochotsera zosungunulira zachilengedwe Pakadali pano, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunyumba ndi kunja ndi njira yochotsera zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Popeza zosungunulira zina zachilengedwe zimakhala zoopsa kapena zosakhazikika, ethanol nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotulutsira. Kuyesera kwa Zhang Yonghong ndi ena kunawonetsa kuti mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yochotsera ma flavonoids kuchokera ku masamba a ginkgo ndi 70% ethanol ngati yankho lochotsera, kutentha kwa chotulutsira ndi 90°C, chiŵerengero cha solid-liquid ndi 1:20, chiwerengero cha zotulutsira ndi katatu, ndipo nthawi iliyonse imabwereranso kwa maola 1.5.

(2) Njira yochotsera ma enzyme yomwe Wang Hui ndi anzake adayesa idawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ma flavonoids onse kudakwera kwambiri pambuyo poti zinthu zopangira masamba a ginkgo zidakonzedwa kale ndi cellulase ndikuchotsedwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufika 2.01%.

(3) Njira yochotsera ma ultrasound Pambuyo pochiza masamba a ginkgo ndi ultrasound, nembanemba ya selo yasweka, ndipo kuyenda kwa tinthu ta masamba kwafulumizitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zisungunuke. Chifukwa chake, kuchotsa ma flavonoid ndi ultrasound kuli ndi ubwino waukulu. Zotsatira zoyesera zomwe Liu Jingzhi et al. adapeza zikuwonetsa kuti momwe zinthu zimachitikira pochotsa ma ultrasound ndi izi: pafupipafupi 40kHz, nthawi yochizira ultrasound ndi mphindi 55, kutentha 35°C, ndikuyimirira kwa maola atatu. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa ndi 81.9%.

Kugwiritsa ntchito

Ma flavonoid omwe ali mu masamba a Ginkgo ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi ma antioxidants ndipo amatha kuwonjezeredwa ku mafuta ndi makeke ngati ma antioxidants. Ma flavonoid onse ndi achikasu ndipo amatha kusungunuka kwambiri, onse osungunuka m'madzi komanso osungunuka ndi mafuta, kotero ma flavonoid onse angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga utoto. Ginkgo biloba imakonzedwa kukhala ufa wabwino kwambiri ndikuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya. Masamba a Ginkgo amapukutidwa bwino kwambiri ndikuwonjezeredwa ku makeke, mabisiketi, Zakudya, maswiti, ndi ayisikilimu pamlingo wa 5% mpaka 10% kuti awasinthe kukhala zakudya zamasamba a ginkgo zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zaumoyo.
Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera pazakudya ku Canada ndipo chavomerezedwa ngati mankhwala ogulitsidwa kunja kwa sitolo ku Germany ndi France. Tsamba la Ginkgo lili mu United States Pharmacopoeia (kope la 24) ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera pazakudya ku United States.

Zotsatira za Mankhwala

1. Zotsatira pa dongosolo la mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi
(1) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingalepheretse ntchito ya enzyme yotembenuza angiotensin (ACE) mu seramu ya munthu wabwinobwino, motero chimaletsa kupindika kwa ma arterioles, kukulitsa mitsempha yamagazi, ndikuwonjezera kuyenda kwa magazi.
(2) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingalepheretse kuchepa kwa mtima mwa makoswe aamuna chifukwa cha jakisoni wa bupivacaine m'mitsempha, kuletsa kufupika kwa mitsempha ya mtima mwa anthu ndi nkhumba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, ndikuchotsa PAF (platelet-activating factor) yomwe imayambitsa arrhythmia mwa agalu. Chingathe kuletsa kusokonekera kwa mtima komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ziwengo za mtima mwa nkhumba zodzipatula.
(3) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingakulitse kwambiri mitsempha yamagazi ya amphaka ndi agalu omwe ali ndi mankhwala oletsa ululu, kuwonjezera kuyenda kwa magazi muubongo, ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa mitsempha yamagazi muubongo. Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingalepheretse kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa mesenteric microvascular diameter chifukwa cha endotoxin m'mitsempha. Mu chitsanzo cha endotoxin ya agalu, chotsitsa cha Ginkgo biloba chimaletsa kusintha kwa hemodynamic; mu chitsanzo cha mapapo a nkhosa, chotsitsa cha Ginkgo biloba chimaletsa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kutupa kwa m'mapapo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha vuto la kuyenda kwa lymphatic lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi endotoxin.
(4) Makoswe ankabayidwa 5ml/kg ya ginkgo leaf flavonoids tsiku lililonse kudzera m'mimba. Patatha masiku 40, kuchuluka kwa triglyceride m'magazi kunachepa kwambiri. Kalulu wolandira zakudya zabwinobwino komanso zopanda mafuta ambiri m'thupi (20 mg/kg patsiku) anapatsidwa pakamwa kwa akalulu omwe ankalandira zakudya zabwinobwino komanso zopanda mafuta ambiri m'thupi (hypercholesterolemic diet). Patatha mwezi umodzi, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yochuluka m'magazi ndi mtsempha wamagazi wa akalulu omwe ankalandira zakudya zopanda mafuta ambiri m'thupi (atherogenic diet) kunachepa kwambiri. Komabe kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yopanda mafuta m'thupi sikunasinthe.
(5) Ginkgo terpene lactone ndi choletsa kwambiri PAF receptor. Ginkgo leaf extract kapena ginkgo terpene lactone imatha kuletsa platelet-activating factor (PAF) ndi cyclooxygenase kapena lipoxygenase. Ginkgo leaf extract inali yolekerera bwino ndipo inaletsa platelet aggregation yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi PAF koma sinakhudze kusonkhana komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ADP.

2. Zotsatira pa dongosolo la mitsempha yapakati
(1) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chimakhudza dongosolo la endocrine ndi momwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwirira ntchito ndi dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha mwa kuletsa ntchito ya PAF. Chingathandize kupititsa patsogolo kagayidwe ka magazi muubongo ndikuwongolera ntchito yokumbukira.
(2) Ginkgo terpene lactones ali ndi mphamvu zoletsa kupsinjika maganizo, ndipo mphamvu zawo zoletsa kupsinjika maganizo zimagwirizana ndi dongosolo la mitsempha la monoaminergic.
(3) Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingawongolere kwambiri vuto la kukumbukira lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha NaNO2, mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi hypoxia ikhoza kukhala yogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magazi muubongo komanso kusintha kwa kagayidwe ka mphamvu muubongo panthawi ya hypoxia.
(4) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chimathandiza kwambiri matenda a ubongo a ma gerbils omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kutsekeka ndi kuzunguliridwa kwa mitsempha yonse ya carotid komanso kupewa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo m'ma gerbils omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ischemia ndi kutsekeka; chimathandiza kugwira ntchito kwa agalu pambuyo pa ischemia ya ubongo wa multi-focal Kuchira msanga kwa mitsempha ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha pambuyo pa ischemia mu hippocampus ya ubongo wa gerbil; kumachepetsa kwambiri kutayika kwa ATP, AMP, creatine ndi creatine phosphate mu ubongo wa ischemic wa galu wa mongrel. Ginkgo biloba lactone B ndi yothandiza pochiza sitiroko.

3. Zotsatira zake pa dongosolo la m'mimba
(1) Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingachepetse kwambiri zilonda zam'mimba ndi m'matumbo mwa mbewa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi PAF ndi endotoxin, ndipo chingalepheretse pang'ono kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ethanol.
(2) M'makoswe omwe ali ndi matenda a chiwindi chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa ndulu, kulowetsedwa kwa ginkgo leaf extract m'mitsempha kumachepetsa kwambiri kuthamanga kwa magazi m'mitsempha ya chiwindi, kuchuluka kwa mtima, kuyenda kwa magazi m'nthambi za mitsempha ya portal, komanso kulekerera kwa mitsempha yamagazi bwino poyerekeza ndi placebo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ginkgo leaf extract ili ndi mphamvu yochizira matenda a chiwindi. Ikhoza kuletsa kupangika kwa ma radicals opanda mpweya mu mbewa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a chiwindi chifukwa cha cholecystokinin. Ginkgo terpene lactone B ikhoza kukhala ndi gawo pochiza matenda a chiwindi.

4. Zotsatira pa dongosolo la kupuma
(1) Chotsitsa cha ethanol cha Ginkgo biloba chimathandiza kupumula minofu yosalala ya trachea ndipo chimatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa histamine phosphate ndi acetylcholine pa trachea yosiyana ya nkhumba za Guinea, ndikuletsa kuukira kwa mphumu komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha histamine mu nkhumba za Guinea.
(2) Kulowetsa Ginkgo leaf extract m'mitsempha kungalepheretse mbewa kutsekeka kwa broncho ndi kuyankha mopitirira muyeso kwa magazi, komanso kupewa mbewa kutsekeka kwa broncho komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ma antigen, koma sikukhudza mphuno yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi indomethacin.
(3) Kupuma mpweya wa Ginkgo leaf extract yomwe yaphikidwa mu aerosol sikuti kumangoletsa kutsekeka kwa broncho komanso kumaletsa kuchepa kwa maselo oyera amagazi ndi ma eosinophils omwe amayamba chifukwa cha PAF. Ginkgo leaf extract ndi yofunika kwambiri poletsa ndi kuchiza kuyankha mopitirira muyeso kwa bronchial.

5. Mphamvu yoletsa ukalamba
Ma Ginkgobiflavonoids, isoginkgobiflavonoids, ginkgo biloba, ndi quercetin m'masamba a ginkgo zonse zimaletsa lipid peroxidation, makamaka popeza quercetin ili ndi mphamvu yoletsa kwambiri. Kuyesera kunachitika pa makoswe ndipo kunapezeka kuti flavonoids yonse ya ginkgo leaf yotengedwa m'madzi (0.95mg/ml) ikhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri lipid peroxidation, ndipo flavonoids yonse ya ginkgo leaf yotengedwa m'madzi (1.9mg/ml) ikhoza kuwonjezera ntchito ya mkuwa ndi zinc SOD m'magazi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya kukhuthala kwa magazi pamene ikuchepetsa ntchito ya SGPT.

7. Udindo pa kukana kuikidwa kwa munthu wina ndi zina zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi
Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingatalikitse nthawi yopulumuka ya zopakira pakhungu, heterotopic heart xenografts, ndi orthotopic liver xenografts. Chotsitsa cha tsamba la Ginkgo chingalepheretse ntchito ya maselo opha maselo achilengedwe a thupi motsutsana ndi maselo ofunikira a KC526, komanso chingalepheretse ntchito ya maselo opha maselo achilengedwe omwe amayamba chifukwa cha interferon.

8. Mphamvu yoletsa chotupa
Chotsitsa cha masamba obiriwira a Ginkgo biloba, chomwe chimasungunuka ndi mafuta, chingalepheretse kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr. Heptadecene salicylic acid ndi bilo-betin zimakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa kutupa; ma flavonoids onse a Ginkgo amatha kuwonjezera kulemera kwa thymus kwa mbewa zomwe zili ndi chotupa. ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito za SOD, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi chotupa; quercetin ndi myricetin zimatha kuletsa kupezeka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa.

Zolemba ndi Zotsutsana

Zotsatira zoyipa za Ginkgo leaf extract: Nthawi zina kusapeza bwino m'mimba, monga anorexia, nseru, kudzimbidwa, ndowe zotayirira, kutupa kwa m'mimba, ndi zina zotero; pakhoza kukhalanso kugunda kwa mtima, kutopa, ndi zina zotero, koma izi sizikhudza chithandizocho. Mukatha kumwa pakamwa kwa nthawi yayitali, zizindikiro zoyenera za rheology ya magazi ziyenera kuwunikidwanso nthawi zonse. Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za m'mimba, mutha kumwa mutadya.

Kuyanjana kwa Mankhwala

Mankhwalawa ali ndi mphamvu yogwirizana akagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mankhwala ena ochepetsa kukhuthala kwa magazi, monga sodium alginate diester, acetate, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingathandize kuti ntchito iyende bwino.

Chitukuko cha Zochitika

Masamba a Ginkgo ali ndi ma proanthocyanidins ochepa ndi ma urushiolic acid, omwe akadali poizoni m'thupi la munthu. Ginkgo ikachoka ngati zinthu zopangira chakudya, chithandizo chapadera chimafunika kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa ma proanthocyanidins ndi ma urushiolic acid. Komabe, mkati mwa mlingo womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito pano, palibe poizoni wakupha kapena wokhalitsa komanso palibe zotsatira za teratogenic. Unduna wa Zaumoyo unavomereza Ginkgo biloba extract ngati chowonjezera chatsopano cha chakudya mu 1992. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ma flavonoids onse a Ginkgo biloba akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani azakudya, ndipo kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha Ginkgo biloba chili ndi mwayi waukulu.