I. Chiyambi
Pofunafuna njira zosamalira khungu zathanzi komanso zokhazikika, ogula atembenukira kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga m'malo mwa mankhwala opangira. Makampani opanga ma skincare awona kusintha kwakukulu kuzinthu zachilengedwe, motsogozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ogula pazosankha zotetezeka, zokomera zachilengedwe zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zabwino.Phloretinndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pazinthu za skincare.
II. Kodi Phloretin ndi chiyani?
A. Kutanthauzira ndi kufotokoza magwero a Phloretin
Phloretin, bioactive polyphenolic compound, imachokera ku peels ndi ma cores a maapulo, mapeyala, ndi mphesa. Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha zomera, kuziteteza kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kuwala kwa UV, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi okosijeni. Ndi mamolekyu ake okhala ndi mphete zitatu, Phloretin ali ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa za antioxidant komanso kuthekera kwa bioactive komwe kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pazinthu zosamalira khungu.
B. Magwero ake achilengedwe
Phloretin imapezeka kwambiri mu peels ndi ma cores a maapulo, mapeyala, ndi mphesa, makamaka mu zipatso zosapsa. Magwero achilengedwewa ali ndi kuchuluka kwa Phloretin chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa antioxidant, komwe kumateteza chipatsocho ku kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni panthawi yakucha. Kutulutsa kwa Phloretin kuchokera kuzinthu izi kumaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa mosamala ndi kukonza ma peels ndi ma cores kuti apeze zokolola zambiri zamagulu amphamvuwa.
C. Katundu ndi ubwino pakhungu
Phloretin imapereka zinthu zambiri zothandiza pakhungu, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi antioxidant, anti-yotupa, komanso zowunikira. Monga antioxidant wamphamvu, Phloretin imachotsa bwino ma radicals aulere, kusokoneza zotsatira zake zowononga pama cell akhungu ndikuletsa kukalamba msanga. Chikhalidwe cha lipophilic chapawiri chimalola kuti alowe mosavuta pakhungu, kukulitsa mphamvu yake.
Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu, Phloretin imatha kuletsa kupanga melanin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza kwambiri pochiza hyperpigmentation, mawanga azaka, komanso khungu losagwirizana. Kuphatikiza apo, phloretin imathandizira kuletsa mapangidwe apamwamba a glycation end-products (AGEs), omwe amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa collagen ndi elastin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lolimba komanso makwinya. Pochepetsa kupangika kwa AGE, Phloretin imathandizira kaphatikizidwe ka collagen, kuwongolera khungu komanso kuchepetsa mawonekedwe a mizere yabwino ndi makwinya.
Phloretin imakhalanso ndi anti-inflammatory properties, zomwe zimathandiza kuti khungu likhale lokhazikika komanso lokhazika mtima pansi. Zimathandizira kuchepetsa kufiira ndi kutupa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zowononga zachilengedwe, monga kuipitsidwa, cheza cha UV, komanso ziphuphu zakumaso. Ndi zotsatira zake zotsitsimula, phloretin imapangitsa kuti khungu liziyenda bwino, limapangitsa khungu kukhala lathanzi.
Ubwino wokwanira wa Phloretin watsimikiziridwa kudzera mu maphunziro osiyanasiyana asayansi ndi mayeso azachipatala. Kafukufuku watsimikizira kuthekera kwake pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa pigmentation, kuwongolera kamvekedwe ka khungu ndi mawonekedwe, komanso kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka collagen. Kuphatikiza apo, Phloretin yawonetsedwa kuti imathandizira kuwunikira, unyamata, komanso nyonga ya khungu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri popanga zinthu zatsopano zosamalira khungu.
Pomaliza,Magwero a phloretin mu maapulo, mapeyala, ndi mphesa, kuphatikiza ndi antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lightening properties, amaziyika ngati gawo lalikulu pakusintha makampani osamalira khungu. Magwero ake achilengedwe komanso zopindulitsa zomwe zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira pakufunafuna njira zotetezeka, zapamwamba, komanso zokhazikika zosamalira khungu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya Phloretin, anthu amatha kusintha kwambiri khungu lawo, kutulutsa khungu lowala komanso lotsitsimula.
III. Kuwonjezeka kwa Phloretin mu Skincare
A. Mbiri ya Phloretin mu zinthu zosamalira khungu
Phloretin ali ndi mbiri yakale yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosamalira khungu, kuyambira nthawi zakale. Chiyambi chake chimachokera ku mankhwala azikhalidwe, pomwe zikhalidwe zina zimazindikira mphamvu ya maapulo, mapeyala, ndi ma peel amphesa. Kutulutsa kwa Phloretin kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe izi kumaphatikizapo kukonza mosamala kuti mupeze chigawo chokhazikika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, mapangidwe amakono a skincare tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya Phloretin komanso phindu lake pakhungu.
B. Zifukwa Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kuchulukira Kutchuka kwake
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa Phloretin mu skincare kumatha kutheka chifukwa cha kutsimikizika kwake mwasayansi komanso kusinthasintha kwake. Monga gulu la polyphenolic, Phloretin imawonetsa mphamvu zamphamvu za antioxidant zomwe zimathandizira kuthana ndi kupsinjika kwa okosijeni komanso kuteteza maselo akhungu ku ma radicals aulere. Katunduyu ndi wofunikira kwambiri popewa kukalamba msanga, chifukwa amathandizira moyo wautali komanso thanzi la maselo a khungu, kuchepetsa mawonekedwe a mizere yabwino komanso makwinya.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kwa phloretin kuletsa kupanga melanin kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi zovuta monga hyperpigmentation, mawanga azaka, komanso khungu losagwirizana. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira melanin, Phloretin imathandizira kuzimitsa mawanga amdima omwe alipo ndikuletsa mapangidwe atsopano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lowala komanso lowala.
Kuphatikiza apo, zotsutsana ndi zotupa za Phloretin zimathandizira kutchuka kwake pazinthu zosamalira khungu. Kutupa ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana a khungu, kuphatikizapo ziphuphu, rosacea, ndi khungu lovuta. Kutsitsimula kwa phloretin kumathandizira kuti khungu likhazikike, limachepetsa kufiira, komanso limapangitsa khungu kukhala lathanzi, loyenera.
C. Zitsanzo za Zogulitsa Zomwe zili ndi Phloretin Pamsika
Msika wa skincare uli ndi zinthu zingapo zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya Phloretin. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi seramu yolowetsedwa ndi Phloretin. Wopangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa Phloretin, seramu iyi imapereka antioxidant yamphamvu komanso yowunikira pakhungu. Ndiwothandiza makamaka pothana ndi hyperpigmentation, khungu losagwirizana, komanso zizindikiro za ukalamba, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe osalala komanso achichepere.
Phloretin imaphatikizidwanso mu zonyowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale ndi mphamvu zosunga chinyezi, kumapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lolemera komanso losalala. Kuphatikiza pa mapindu ake a hydration, zonyowa izi zophatikizidwa ndi Phloretin zimapereka chitetezo cha antioxidant motsutsana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, kuteteza kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa, kuwala kwa UV, ndi zinthu zina zakunja.
Kwa iwo omwe akufuna chithandizo chomwe akufuna, pali zowongolera zomwe zili ndi Phloretin zomwe zilipo. Zogulitsazi zimapangidwira kuti zichepetse mawanga akuda, zilema, komanso pambuyo potupa hyperpigmentation, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa Phloretin kuletsa kupanga melanin. Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse, okonza mawangawa amatha kusintha kwambiri kumveka bwino komanso kusinthasintha kwa khungu.
Pomaliza, mbiri yolemera ya Phloretin, zopindulitsa zomwe zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi, komanso kutchuka komwe kukukulirakulira kwapangitsa kuti aphatikizidwe muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zosamalira khungu. Kuchokera ku seramu kupita ku zonyowa ndi zowongolera mawanga, Phloretin imapereka njira zingapo zosinthira zosamalira khungu. Polandira mphamvu ya chilengedwechi, anthu amatha kusintha kwambiri maonekedwe a khungu lawo, zomwe zidzasintha kwambiri ntchito yosamalira khungu.
IV. Ubwino wa Phloretin mu Skincare
A. Mphamvu ya Phloretin pazovuta zosiyanasiyana zapakhungu
Phloretin, mankhwala achilengedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku ma apulo, mapeyala, ndi ma peel a mphesa, adziwika kwambiri pamakampani opanga ma skincare chifukwa chakukhudzidwa kwake pazovuta zosiyanasiyana zapakhungu. Kafukufuku wasayansi awonetsa kuthekera kwake kolowera chotchinga cha khungu ndikupereka zosintha pama cell.
Phloretin imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosunthika yomwe imatha kuthana ndi zovuta zingapo pakhungu nthawi imodzi. Imagwira ntchito ngati anti-inflammatory agent, imachepetsa khungu lokwiya komanso imachepetsa kufiira kokhudzana ndi zinthu monga ziphuphu zakumaso, rosacea, ndi khungu lovuta. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma pro-inflammatory cytokines, omwe amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezeke.
Kuphatikiza apo, phloretin ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera owala pakhungu omwe amawapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino yothetsera hyperpigmentation, mawanga azaka, komanso khungu losagwirizana. Poletsa puloteni yomwe imayambitsa kaphatikizidwe ka melanin, Phloretin imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa melanin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtundu ukhale wochuluka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusokoneza uku kwa njira yopangira melanin kumathandiza kuti mawanga amdima omwe alipo kale awonongeke ndikulepheretsa mapangidwe atsopano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lowala komanso lowala.
B. Kuchita Bwino kwa Phloretin Pochepetsa Kuchuluka kwa Mipigmentation ndi Zaka Zakale
Hyperpigmentation ndi mawanga okalamba ndizovuta kwambiri, makamaka kwa iwo omwe akufuna khungu lachinyamata komanso lofanana. Kutha kwa phloretin kusokoneza njira yopangira melanin kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi zovuta izi.
Melanin ndi amene amachititsa khungu, tsitsi, ndi maso athu. Komabe, kuchulukitsitsa kwa melanin, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayambika chifukwa chokhala ndi dzuwa, kusintha kwa mahomoni, kapena kutupa, kungayambitse mawanga akuda ndi khungu losagwirizana. Phloretin, kudzera mu kulepheretsa kwake ku tyrosinase, puloteni yofunika kwambiri pakupanga melanin, imasokoneza njira yochuluka ya pigmentation iyi.
Mkati mwa khungu, kukhalapo kwa Phloretin kumalepheretsa kutembenuka kwa tyrosine kukhala melanin, kuteteza kupangika kwa mawanga akuda. Kuphatikiza apo, imathandizira kuphwanya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta melanin, kuwunikira bwino mawanga azaka komanso kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu. Izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosamalira khungu zomwe zimakhala ndi Phloretin kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zabwino.
C. The Antioxidant Properties ya Phloretin ndi Kutha Kwake Kuteteza Kuwonongeka Kwa Chilengedwe
Chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri za Phloretin mu skincare ndi ntchito yake yamphamvu ya antioxidant. Ma Antioxidants amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa ma radicals aulere omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu zakunja monga kuipitsidwa, kuwala kwa UV, ndi poizoni wa chilengedwe. Ma radicals aulerewa amatha kuwononga ma cell a khungu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukalamba msanga, kuwonongeka kwa collagen, komanso kupsinjika kwa okosijeni.
Mphamvu ya antioxidant ya phloretin yagona pakutha kwake kuwononga ma free radicals, ndikuchepetsa zotsatira zake zowononga. Imakhala ngati chishango, imateteza maselo a khungu ku kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa collagen ndi elastin, mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti khungu likhale lolimba komanso losalala.
Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe apadera a Phloretin amalola kuti azitha kulowa bwino pakhungu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri popereka chitetezo chokhalitsa cha antioxidant. Chikhalidwe chake cha lipophilic chimatsimikizira kuti chikhoza kuwoloka mosavuta ma cell olemera a lipid, kupititsa patsogolo zochita zake motsutsana ndi ma radicals aulere komanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa zovuta zachilengedwe pakhungu.
Pomaliza, zopindulitsa zambiri za Phloretin pakusamalira khungu zimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi anti-inflammatory, kuwala, ndi antioxidant katundu. Pothana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana monga hyperpigmentation, mawanga azaka, zofiira, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, Phloretin yatulukira ngati chinthu chachilengedwe chokhala ndi zotsatira zosintha. Kuthekera kwake kulowa pakhungu, kumakhudza kaphatikizidwe ka melanin, ndikuchepetsa ma radicals aulere kumayiyika ngati gawo lalikulu pakusintha makampani osamalira khungu.
V. Kafukufuku wa Sayansi ndi Maphunziro
A. Mphamvu ya Sayansi Ikuthandizira Kuchita Bwino kwa Phloretin
Kafukufuku wasayansi pa Phloretin watsimikizira mosakayikira kuti amagwira ntchito pakusintha makampani osamalira khungu. Ofufuza adafufuza mozama za mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito, akuwunikira chifukwa chomwe chilengedwechi chimakopa chidwi cha okonda skincare.
Kafukufuku wawonetsa kuthekera kwa phloretin kulowa m'chitchinga cha khungu ndikufika pazigawo zakuya komwe kusintha kwake kumachitika. Chochititsa chidwi ichi chimasiyanitsa Phloretin ndi zinthu zina zambiri zosamalira khungu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azilumikizana ndi maselo a khungu ndikupereka maubwino ake angapo pama cell.
Kuphatikiza apo, umboni wochulukirachulukira umapangitsa kuti phloretin ndi anti-inflammatory agent. Kutupa ndizomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zapakhungu, kuyambira ziphuphu zakumaso ndi rosacea kupita ku khungu losavuta komanso logwira ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma cytokines oyambitsa kutupa, phloretin imathandizira kutsitsimula khungu lokwiya, kuchepetsa kufiira, komanso kulimbikitsa khungu lodekha. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chithandizo chokwanira cha sayansi cha mankhwala a Phloretin odana ndi kutupa komanso kuthekera kwake pothana ndi matenda a khungu omwe amadziwika ndi kutupa.
B. Mayesero Achipatala: Kuwulula Zotsatira Zogwirizana ndi Umboni
Mayesero azachipatala atenga gawo lalikulu pakuwulula kuthekera kwenikweni kwa Phloretin mu skincare, kutulutsa zotsatira zozikidwa pa umboni zomwe zimalimbikitsa mbiri yake ngati chinthu chosinthika chachilengedwe. Maphunzirowa, omwe amachitidwa molamulidwa ndi anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali, amathandizira maziko olimba kuti athandizire kuchita bwino kwa Phloretin.
Mayesero angapo azachipatala adawunikira makamaka momwe Phloretin amakhudzira hyperpigmentation, mawanga azaka, komanso mawonekedwe akhungu. Zotsatira zake nthawi zonse zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa Phloretin kuletsa enzyme yomwe imayambitsa kaphatikizidwe ka melanin, potero amachepetsa kutulutsa kwamtundu wambiri komanso kumapangitsa kuti khungu likhale loyenera. Omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osamalira khungu okhala ndi Phloretin awonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pamawonekedwe amdima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lowala komanso lowoneka bwino. Zotsatirazi zimatsimikizira umboni wosasinthika wokhudza mbiri ya Phloretin ngati njira yabwino yothetsera nkhawa za hyperpigmentation.
Kuphatikiza apo, mayesero azachipatala awonetsanso za antioxidant za phloretin komanso ntchito yake poteteza khungu ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Ophunzira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi Phloretin awonetsa kulimba kwa khungu motsutsana ndi kupsinjika kwa okosijeni komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zoipitsa komanso ma radiation a UV. Maphunzirowa amathandizira lingaliro lakuti Phloretin imakhala ngati chishango champhamvu, kuteteza kukalamba msanga, kuwonongeka kwa collagen, ndi kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni pakhungu.
Potsatira njira zokhwima zasayansi, mayesero azachipatala amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri pakuchita bwino kwa Phloretin ndikuthandizira kutsimikizira kudalirika kwake ngati wosintha masewera pamakampani osamalira khungu. Zotsatira zozikidwa paumbonizi zimathandizira kukulitsa kafukufuku wochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito Phloretin pakupanga ma skincare.
Pomaliza, maphunziro asayansi ndi mayeso azachipatala alimbitsa mbiri ya Phloretin ngati chinthu chosinthika chachilengedwe pamakampani osamalira khungu. Kuthekera kwa Phloretin kulowa m'chitchinga cha khungu, mphamvu zake zotsutsa-kutupa, komanso mphamvu yake yochepetsera hyperpigmentation ndi kuteteza ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwafufuzidwa mosamala ndikutsimikiziridwa. Zotsatirazi zimagwira ntchito ngati maziko asayansi omwe amathandizira mphamvu ya Phloretin, ndikuyikweza patsogolo pazatsopano za skincare.
VI. Zomwe Zingatheke ndi Njira Zodzitetezera
A. Kuwona Mbiri Yachitetezo cha Phloretin
Poganizira za kusintha kwa Phloretin mu skincare, ndikofunikira kuunika mbiri yake yachitetezo. Kafukufuku wambiri wachitika kuti amvetsetse zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingachitike kapena zoyipa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Phloretin.
Mpaka pano, palibe zovuta zazikulu zomwe zanenedwapo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi Phloretin. Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi zopangira zilizonse zosamalira khungu, kukhudzidwa kwamunthu payekha kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Ndibwino kuti muyese chigamba musanagwiritse ntchito kwathunthu kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwirizana komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zochitika zosayembekezereka.
B. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Moyenera ndi Kusamala kwa Phloretin
Kwa anthu omwe amaganizira za mankhwala okhala ndi Phloretin, malangizo awa ndi njira zopewera amalangizidwa:
Mayeso a Patch:Pakani mankhwala pang'ono pamalo ochenjera a khungu ndikuyang'ana zovuta zilizonse monga kufiira, kuyabwa, kapena kuyabwa. Ngati pali vuto lililonse, siyani kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.
Chitetezo padzuwa:Ngakhale kuti Phloretin imatha kupereka chitetezo ku zinthu zosokoneza zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza ma radiation a UV, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera mapindu ake ndi zoteteza ku dzuwa zikakhala padzuwa. Mafuta oteteza ku dzuwa samangoteteza khungu ku kuwala koopsa kwa UVA ndi UVB komanso amawonjezera mphamvu ya Phloretin.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Moyenera:Ikani zinthu zomwe zili ndi Phloretin monga momwe adanenera ndi wopanga kapena katswiri wosamalira khungu. Tsatirani mafupipafupi, kuchuluka, ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito kuti mukwaniritse bwino popanda kudzaza khungu.
Kukambirana:Ngati muli ndi vuto lililonse pakhungu, ziwengo, kapena nkhawa, ndikofunikira kukaonana ndi dokotala kapena dermatologist musanaphatikizepo Phloretin muzochita zanu zosamalira khungu. Atha kukupatsani malingaliro anu malinga ndi zosowa zanu zenizeni komanso mbiri yachipatala.
Potsatira njira zodzitetezerazi, anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zosintha za Phloretin m'machitidwe awo osamalira khungu, kukulitsa mapindu ake ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zovuta.
VII. Mapeto
Mwachidule, Phloretin yatulukira ngati chinthu chachilengedwe chokhala ndi mphamvu yokonzanso makampani osamalira khungu. Kupyolera mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mayesero a zachipatala, mphamvu yake yokhudzana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana za skincare, kuchokera ku hyperpigmentation mpaka kutupa, zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi.
Kuphatikiza apo, chitetezo cha Phloretin chidawunikidwa mozama, popanda zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zanenedwa. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuyezetsa zigamba ndikutsata malangizo oyenera ogwiritsira ntchito kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi Phloretin zimakhala zabwino kwambiri.
Pokhala ndi mphamvu yolowera pakhungu, anti-inflammatory properties, ndi mphamvu yake yochepetsera hyperpigmentation ndi kuteteza ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, Phloretin imayimira ngati mphamvu yosintha pa skincare.
Monga kuyitanidwa kuti tichitepo kanthu, timalimbikitsa anthu kuti afufuze zomwe zingatheke pazinthu zosamalira khungu zomwe zili ndi Phloretin, pomwe nthawi zonse amaika patsogolo chitetezo cha dzuwa ndi akatswiri ofunsira akakayikira. Yambirani ulendo wachilengedwe wosamalira khungu, ndikuwona kusintha kwa Phloretin nokha. Lolani zachilengedwe ndi sayansi zisinthe machitidwe anu osamalira khungu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-21-2023
