I. Mawu
Ma phospholpids ndi gulu la lipids omwe ali zigawo zofunika kwambiri za cell membranes. Mapangidwe awo apadera, okhala ndi michira iwiri ya hydrophobic, amalola ma phospholipidi kuti apange mawonekedwe a bilafener, akutumikira ngati cholepheretsa omwe amalekanitsa zomwe zili bwino zakunja. Udindo uwu ndi wofunikira kuti ukhalebe wosagawika komanso magwiridwe antchito a maselo onse okhala ndi moyo.
Makina am'manja ndi kulumikizana ndi njira zofunika zomwe zimathandizira maselo kuti azicheza ndi ena. Maselo amatha kuwongolera kukula, chitukuko, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kudzera machitidwe awa. Mitundu yam'manja imakhudza kufalikira kwa zizindikiro, monga mahomoni kapena ma neurotransmitters, omwe amapezeka pa cell nembanemba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zochitika zomwe pamapeto pake pamapeto pake zimabweretsa yankho linalake.
Kuzindikira udindo wa phospholfiids mu maselo ndi kulumikizana ndikofunikira kuti muulule zovuta za momwe maselo amalumikizirana ndikugwirizanitsa zochita zawo. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kuli ndi tanthauzo lakutali m'minda yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mabilo a cell, pharmacology, komanso kukula kwa mankhwala oyeserera a matenda ndi zovuta zambiri. Pofuna kumasulira pakati pa phrosphols ndi zikwangwani zam'manja, titha kuzindikira njira zofunika zomwe zimayambitsa ma cell ndi ntchito.
Ii. Kapangidwe ka phospholiphols
A. Kufotokozera kwa kapangidwe ka phospholipiprifid:
Ma phospholpiids ndi mamolekyulu a kochulukiridwe, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi onse hydrophilic (zokopa zamadzi) ndi madera obwereketsa. Mapangidwe oyambira a phospholipid amakhala ndi Molekyu ya Glycerolol amapita ku ma unyolo awiri a acid ndi gulu la phosphate. Michira ya hydrophobic, yopangidwa ndi unyolo wamafuta a acidi acid, pomwe magulu a hydrophilic amalumikizana ndi madzi pamtunda wamkati ndi kunja kwa nembanemba. Makonzedwe apaderawa amalola kuti phospholpolips to imadzipangitsa kukhala yodziphatikiza, ndi michira ya hydrophobic yomwe imazungulira mkati ndi mitu ya hydrophilic yomwe imayang'anizana ndi madera omwe ali kunja.
B. Udindo wa phospholipid bilayer mu cell membrane:
Bilaner bilafer ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri la cell nemba, kupereka chotchinga chokwanira chomwe chimayendetsa mayendedwe a zinthu ndi kunja kwa khungu. Kusankha koyenera kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti musunge malo amtunduwu ndipo ndikofunikira kwa njira monga michere yokhazikika, kuwononga zinyalala, ndikuchitetezedwa ku othandizira owopsa. Kupatula apongozi ake, bishopuipid abilaneya umachita nawo gawo lofunika kwambiri mu khungu ndi kulumikizana.
Mtundu wa Madzimadzi wa nembanemba, oimbidwa ndi woimba ndi Nicolson mu 1972, akugogomezera mtundu wa nembanemba komanso zosemphana ndi ma phospholipids nthawi zonse ndikuyenda mu lilarnid bilaner. Izi ndizofunikira pakuwongolera mafoni ndi kulumikizana. Olandila, ma ion njira, ndi mapuloteni ena osagiririka amaphatikizidwa mkati mwa phospholtipid bilayer ndipo ndizofunikira pozindikira zizindikilo zakunja ndikuwatumiza ku chipinda cha foni.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zachilengedwe za phospholipos, monga zamadzimadzi zimatha kupanga rafts Khalidwe lamphamvu la phospolipids limakhudza kuderalo ndi ntchito yamapuloteni osainiya, motero zimakhudza mtundu wa njira zosakira.
Kuzindikira ubale wa phospholipids ndi ma cell membrane kapangidwe kake kake kake kake kake kake kazinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo ma cell holostasis, chitukuko, ndi matenda. Kuphatikiza kwa biology yokhala ndi kafukufuku wa cell akupitiliza kuwulula zowunikira zotsutsa zovuta za kulumikizana ndilonjezo pakupanga njira zatsopano zamakono.
Iii. Udindo wa phospholiphols mu foni
A. phospholipids ngati mamolekyulu owoneka bwino
Ma phospholipids, monga magulu otchuka a ma cell a cell, atuluka monga mamolekyulu ofunikira mu kulumikizana. Magulu a Hydrophilic a Bosphorophilic a phospholipids, makamaka omwe ali ndi inotoll a inotol, amatumikira monga angelo achiwiri ofunikira osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, phosphatchiylinoositos 4,5-bisphosphate (Pip2) imagwira ntchito molekyu yophimba mu inositol trisphosphate (ip3) ndi diacylglycerol yowonjezera. Mamolekyu odana ndi mapiko a likid omwe amapezeka pazinthu zofunikira pakuwongolera ma calcining calcium ndi kuyambitsa mapuloteni kinase c, ndikuwonetsa njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa ma cell kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa maselo, kusiyanitsa, komanso kusamuka.
Komanso, phospholipos monga phosphatidic acid (pa) ndi lysophsphospholipids azindikiridwa ngati mamolekyulu omwe amathandizira kuyankha mwachindunji kwa ma cell mogwirizana ndi mikangano yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, pa ntchito ngati mtengo wofunikira pakukula kwa maselo ndi kuchulukana poyambitsa mapuloteni osayina, pomwe lysophosphatidic acid. Maudindo osiyanasiyana a phospholipids amatsimikizira tanthauzo lawo m'magazi ozungulira pozungulira pakakhala mkati mwa maselo.
B. Kuphatikizidwa kwa phospholiphols munjira zomasulira
Kutenga nawo gawo kwa maprockal mu njira zomasulira kumasonyezedwa ndi gawo lawo lofunikira pakusintha ntchito ya ma membrane, makamaka ma repuniti-ovomerezeka. Pa Liigand Kumanga kwa GPCRS, phospholipose c (plc) imayendetsedwa, kutsogolera hydrolysis a Pip2 ndi m'badwo wa iP3 ndi Dag. IP3 imayambitsa kumasulidwa kwa calcium kuchokera ku malo ogulitsira, pomwe dag imayambitsa mapuloteni kinase Cinten C, kukula kwa cell, ndikupanga kosinthana.
Kuphatikiza apo, Phosphoonitizides, gulu la phospholipids, limakhala ngati malo ojambula pamapuloteni osainiya omwe amakhudzidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma membrane ogulitsa komanso a Actin Cytosketon. Kutanthauzira kwamphamvu pakati pa Phossoinositiedes ndi mapuloteni awo omwe amalumikizana kumapangitsa kuti pakhale lamulo la zikwangwani, potero akupanga mayankho am'manja kuti abweze zowonjezera.
Kulowererapo kwa mabusphoolted kwa phospholiphols mu cell signing ndi sigineyo kumatsimikizira kufunika kwake ngati owongolera a Cell hometostasis ndikugwira ntchito.
Iv. Malangizo a phospholipor ndi upakatikati
A. phospholiphols mu intracellur sign
Ma phospholpids, gulu la lipids lomwe lili ndi gulu la phosphate, kusewera maudindo ophatikizika mu umeracellar kapena njira zosiyanasiyana zama cell kudzera pakuphatikizidwa kwawo pakuwonetsa ma carcades. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi phosphatlidylinositosit 4,5-bishphosphate (Pip2), phospholipid yomwe ili mu plasma membrane. Poyankha zowonjezera zowonjezera, pip2 zimatsukidwa mu inositol trisphosphate (ip3) ndi diacylglycerol (dag) ndi enzyme phospholipase c (plc). IP3 imayambitsa kumasulidwa kwa calcium kuchokera ku malo ogulitsira, pomwe madalag amayambitsa mapuloteni kinasec Cinase Cinterctions, kusiyanitsana cell, kusiyanitsa, ndi cytoskeletal kukonzanso.
Kuphatikiza apo, phospholipids ina, kuphatikizapo phosphatidic acid (pa) ndi lysophsphospholipols, adadziwika kuti ndi wovuta mu umerracelar. Pa pa imathandizira kuti khungu lizikula ndi kuchuluka kwake pochita mapuloteni osiyanasiyana osagiriki. LPSOPHphatidic acid (LPA) yazindikiridwa chifukwa chotenga mtundu wa kusintha kwa cell, kusamukira, ndi cytoskeletal. Zopeza izi zikuwonetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za phospholipids ngati mamolekyulu owoneka ngati khungu.
B. Kuyanjana kwa phospholifids ndi mapuloteni ndi ma receptors
Phospholipids amalumikizananso ndi mapuloteni osiyanasiyana ndikulandila kuti azisintha njira zamagetsi. Zoyenera, Phosphoositides, subgphoositides wa phospholipids, imagwira ngati nsanja ya malonda ndi kutsegula kwa mapuloteni osayina. Mwachitsanzo, Phosphatchiylinoositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (Pip3) ntchito ngati njira yovomerezeka ya kukula kwa maselo ndi kuchuluka kwa proskstin homology, potero kufikitsa zochitika zakumadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mayanjano a phospholpores a phospholpores okhala ndi mapuloteni osainiya ndi mateloti amalola kuti zitheke zoti zisonyeze zochitika mu chipindacho.
Zogwirizana ndi ma phospholipids a phospholipids okhala ndi mapuloteni ndi zolandila zimawonetsa chidwi chawo pakusintha kwa njira za umeracellular, zimathandizira pakuwongolera kwa ma cell.
V. MALANGIZO A PHOSPHIPIDS MU ZINSINSI ZAULERE
A. Ma enzyme ndi njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ka phosphooluid metabolism
Ma phospholpiids amayendetsedwa molimba mtima kudzera mu ma netiweki komanso ma netiweki, amayendetsa zochuluka ndipo amagwira ntchito ndikugwira ntchito mu khungu. Njira imodzi yotere imakhudza kapangidwe ka nduna ya phosphatylinosinosuositol (p) ndi zotumphukira zake za phosphoosides. Phosphatlidylinosuositol 4-kinases ndi phosphatdidylinoosuitol 4-kinasels ndi ma enzymes omwe amagwira ntchito Mofananamo, phosphatases, monga phosphatase ndi Tnsin Hologrolog (zozimitsa), defosvorylate phossostooside, kuwongolera magawo ake ndi zomwe zimakhudzanso ma cellular.
Kuphatikiza apo, defo synthesis of phospholips, makamaka phosphatidic acid (pa), imalumikizidwa ndi ma phospholipred d ndi phospholipased cnase Makampani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khungu lisafotokoze bwino zam'manja ndikuthandizira kukonza ma cell hometostasis.
B. Chida cha phospholpoliptiid lamulo pamawonekedwe a cell
Kuwongolera kwa phospholipids kumathandiza kwambiri njira zamaginera pochotsa zochitika za mamolekyulu owoneka bwino ndi njira. Mwachitsanzo, pip2 yosinthanitsa ndi phospholiposese c amapanga inositol trisphosphate (ip3) ndi diacylglycerol calcium ndi kutsegula kwa mapuloteni kinase C, motero. Mascade a Cascall uyu amathandizira mayankho a madela monga neurotranstars, minofu complertations.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthana m'magawo a phossootitides kumakhudzanso ntchito zamapuloteni ndi mapilo opanga misiki, njira zokhudzana ndi endocytosis, komanso kusamuka kwa cytosket. Kuphatikiza apo, malamulo a misewu ya phospholipases ndi phosphatases zimakhudza kugwirizanitsa kwa nembanemba, kukula kwa maselo, ndi mapiko owoneka miyala.
Kutanthauzira pakati pa phrospholpiptism metabolism ndi zikwangwani zam'manja kumatsimikizira kufunika kwa malamulo a phospholfiitiprac popewa ntchito yam'manja ndikuyankha zowonjezera.
Vi. Mapeto
A. Chidule cha maudindo ofunikira a phospholifids mu khungu ndi kulumikizana
Mwachidule. Mitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana komanso yogwirira ntchito imawathandiza kuti azikhala olamulira osinthasintha kwa ma cell, omwe ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu kuphatikiza:
Gulu la Membrane:
Ma phospholpids amapanga malo opangira ma cell, kukhazikitsa chimango chophatikizika cha tsankho la ma cellular ndi kumangiriza zamatsenga. Kukhoza kwawo kupanga microdomain, monga raftid rafts, zimapangitsa bungwe la lipid, limapangitsa bungwe la malo osungirako siginecha ndi zochita zawo, zimasokoneza mawonekedwe ndi luso.
Kutumiza chizindikiro:
Phospholipids amachita ngati nyumba yofunika kwambiri potumiza zizindikiro zowonjezera mu umercellular mayankho. Phossoonitides amakhala ngati mamolekyulu ochapira, ndikusintha zochita za mapuloteni osiyanasiyana, pomwe ma sonty acids acids ndi lysophospholipids acids ndi a adsophspholipids amagwira ntchito yachiwiri, amalimbikitsa kutsegula kwa ma cascades osayina ndi mitundu.
Kusintha kwa Manja:
Phospholpiids amathandizira kuti njira zosagwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana monga kuchuluka kwa maselo, kusiyanitsa, apoptosis, ndi mayankho a apoptos. Kutenga kwawo gawo mu m'badwo wawo wa otamatamiyala, kuphatikizapo enicosanoids ndi spinguoloifids ndi spatinguolleifids ndi spinguolleifids, akuwonetsa kuti amathandizanso pa kutupa, metabolic, ndi Apoptutic Exicks.
Kulumikizana kwachiwonetsero:
Ma phospholipid amatenganso mbali polumikizana kwambiri kudzera pakutulutsidwa kwa ma limid, monga prostaglandins ndi leukatriins ndi leukatriins, zomwe zimathandizira zochitika za maselo ndi minyewa, kuwunika kwa ululu, ndi mphamvu ya mtima.
Zopereka za mabusphoneted za phospholipids ku ma cell pazizindikiro ndi kulumikizana zimapangitsanso mwayi wawo kuti ukhale ndi ma cell homelostasis komanso kusintha njira zakuthupi.
B. Mayendedwe amtsogolo kuti mufufuze pa phospholiphols mu ma cell osayina
Monga maudindo ovuta a phospholipids pazizindikiro zam'manja zikupitilirabe, njira zingapo zosangalatsa zofufuzira mtsogolo kutuluka, kuphatikiza:
Zindikirani:
Kuphatikiza kwa njira zapamwamba zowunikira, monga Lipidomics, ndi sayansi ya ma celecular ndi ma cell imakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa ma phospholipid njira. Kuyang'ana CROSSSPTCH pakati pa lipid metabolism, ma cell ogulitsa ma cell awulula magwiridwe antchito ndi zochizira.
Makina a Biology Biology:
Makina obwereketsa amayandikira, kuphatikiza njira zotsatsa masamu ndi kusanthula kwa netiweki, kudzathandiza kuti ntchito ya phospholiphol in nesphols. Kutsatira zoyankhulirana pakati pa phospholipids, ma enzyme, ndi zikwangwani zoziziritsa zimapangitsa kuti musinthe zinthu mwadzidzidzi ndikuyankha pamakina olamulira njira.
Chithandizo cha achire:
Kufufuza Kudulidwa kwa phospholipids mu matenda, monga khansa, zovuta zamitsempha, ndi machalemic, ndi ma metabolic, amapereka mwayi wopanga mankhwala. Kumvetsetsa maudindo a phospholipids mu matenda kumapitilira ndi kuzindikira njira zosinthira zochitika zawo zimalonjeza za mankhwala olondola.
Pomaliza, chidziwitso chokwanira cha phospholipors ndi kuphatikizika kwawo kokhazikika mu ma cellular kapena kulumikizana kumapereka chiyembekezo chochititsa chidwi kuti apitilize kupezeredwa ndi kumasulira komwe kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana zakufufuza.
Zolemba:
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoositis: Lipids timids okhala ndi vuto lalikulu pamalamulo a foni. Maganizo a thupi, 93 (3), 1019-1177.
Di Palo, G., & De Camelli, P. (2006). Phosphoositdides mu plact ya cell ndi membrane Mphamvu. Zachilengedwe, 443 (7132), 651-657.
Kooijman, ee, & Testerink, C. (2010). Phosphatidic acid: Wosewera wamkulu wovuta m'manja. Makondani mu sayansi ya zomera, 15 (6), 213-220.
Hilgemann, DW, & mpira, R. (1996). Kuwongolera kwa mtima NE (+), H (+) - kusinthana ndi k (atp) potaziya ndi Pip2. Sayansi, 273 (5277), 956-959.
Kaksonien, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Njira zamakono za endocytosis. Chilengedwe chimawunikira zachikhalidwe zam'manja kwa cell, 19 (5), 313-326.
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoositis: Lipids timids okhala ndi vuto lalikulu pamalamulo a foni. Maganizo a thupi, 93 (3), 1019-1177.
Alberts, B., a Johnson, a John, Lewis, J., Raff, Roberts, K. & Walk (2014). Zamoyo za maselo (6 Ed.). Garland Sayansi.
Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Makina amtundu wa zilembo, ndi ma cell membranes. Kuwunika kwa chaka cha biophysics ndi biofolecular, 33, 2695.
Post Nthawi: Dec-29-2023
